ABSTRACT
From 2019 to 2022, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global percentage of hunger rose by 150 million people, which is 10% of the world population. At the same time, one-third of food is thrown away because it cannot reach the final consumer. Climate change, natural catastrophes, wars leading to humanitarian crises are the main and ongoing causes of hunger. COVID- 19 acted as an accelerator of processes that exacerbate the food security crisis, to which import-dependent countries are especially sensitive. Quarantine that was introduced as a tool to combat the spread of the COVID-19 acted as a catalyst of social, economic, political, ecological, and food crisis that is displayed in the global economic system and in agriculture - its subsystem. At first glance, the increase in the percentage of starving populations on the planet is explained by poverty and the inability to purchase basic food products;a rise in prices was caused by breaks in logistics chains, the increase in the price of energy carriers, and economic shifts caused by the lockdown. In practice, despite the constantly growing volumes of global production of agro-industrial products, the balance between demand and supply of products that ensure the world's food security has been disturbed. The research problem lies in the insufficient determination of intangible causes of hunger, other than those caused by poverty and social inequality. The aim of the research is to show the prospects of the aggravation the food security crisis due to excess of food demand over supply, and to propose theoretical ways out of the crisis. The quantitative method of panel data research was used to prepare the article. The visualization method was used to simplify the perception of the proposed array of information. It is possible to overcome such social problems as hunger, poverty, climate and ecology problems caused by the increase in the temperature on the planet's surface, ocean pollution, and soil degradation only through adaptation and achieving synergy between the planet's ecosystems. Agriculture as a main factor of food security should be transformed through implementing principles of climate-optimized agriculture and blue economy (use of ocean resources) as a source of "blue food" to achieve food sustainability.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the paper is to find out how COVID-19 has affected the sector of SMEs, especially in terms of its access to finance. In doing so we hypothesize that problems arising from both supply side and demand side of the business, have additionally restrained SMEs' access to finance, thus putting their short-to-medium term position to a threat. Research methodology includes descriptive statistical analysis of the results of a company survey of Croatian enterprises with respect to their current access to finance and expectations for the future. The survey was carried out on a sample of 40 small and medium sized companies in Split-Dalmatia County. The findings show that companies do not perceive many of the business risks as particularly threatening to their businesses. Still, this survey reveals a presence of a series of risks closely related to the current situation caused by COVID-19. These include increasing production costs resulting from rising costs of labor, capital, raw materials and other inputs (e.g. transport and logistics services), followed by increasing tax burden and stagnating productivity. Together with increasing costs, a fall in demand on both domestic and foreign markets, as well as a resulting decrease in sales, announce further problems that call for a strong policy response in the future. The main contribution of the paper is the finding that besides the problem of access to finance, the COVID-19 crisis has revealed other serious obstacles for SMEs which threaten to endanger the market position and competiveness of small business in the long run. By far the most serious problems for Croatian SMEs are that of a structural nature which include increasing costs and decreasing productivity. This research has additionally accentuated some serious obstacles from external environment which threaten to restraint SMEs' capacity to restructure and keep their competitive edge.
ABSTRACT
Recent years have witnessed a landmark shift in global food prices due to the frequency of extreme weather events caused by temperature anomalies as well as the overlapping risks of COVID-19. Notably, the threat posed by temperature anomalies has spread beyond agricultural production to all aspects across food supply and demand channels, further amplifying volatility in food markets. Exploring trends in global food prices will give nations early warning signs to ensure the stability of food market. Accordingly, we utilize the Distributed Lag Non-Linear Model (DLNM) to simultaneously establish the exposure-lag-response associations between global temperature anomalies and food price returns in two dimensions: "Anomaly Degree" and "Response Time". Meanwhile, we also examine the cumulative lagged effects of temperature anomalies in terms of different quantiles and lag times. Several conclusions have been drawn. First, global food price returns will continue to decrease when the average temperature drops or rises slightly. While it turns up once the average temperature rises more than 1.1 degrees C. Second, major food commodities are more sensitive to temperature changes, and their price returns may also trend in a directional shift at different lags, with the trend in meat price being more particular. Third, food markets are more strongly affected in the case of extreme temperature anomalies. Many uncertainties still exist regarding the impact of climate change on food markets, and our work serves as a valuable reference for international trade regulation as well as the creation of dynamic climate risk hedging strategies.
ABSTRACT
The COVID epidemic affected Japan in 2020 and 2021. Here, I analyzed how vegetable supply and demand in this period differed from that in the previous 10 years to 2019. Of the vegetables shipped to the Tokyo Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market, 144 vegetables are analyzed monthly, and the shifts in demand, supply, and prices of 1657 items are confirmed. The results showed that the patterns of shift in supply and demand of vegetables differed by item and month and were very diverse. However, the overall trend was that demand and supply were declining, and that tendency became even stronger during the COVID epidemic in the last 2 years of the analysis. Demand for major vegetables, the supply of which the government is trying to stabilize, increased slightly during the epidemic, because these vegetables were likely to have remained in high demand in people's homes. In contrast, the demand for items with a large import ratio and savory herbs and garnishes declined, because these items were likely to have been in high demand for processing or by restaurants, and these industries declined during COVID-19. Seasonally, there were many items for which the demand declined from spring to summer. Despite this decline in demand, for many items the prices did not decrease markedly. This price maintenance was due to reduced supply, which likely led to a degree of economic damage to suppliers.
ABSTRACT
Efficiency in shrimp farming is due to the use of an extensive system that includes fewer larvae per pool, which increases productivity, improves financial results, and even the environmental impacts generated during these operations. The objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect supply in the Ecuadorian shrimp sector. To this end, some statistical techniques such as linear regression and hypothesis testing were used. A bibliographic study was carried out regarding shrimp production in Ecuador, taking as reference the data provided by the National Chamber of Aquaculture and public control entities and reviewing the unprecedented impact on the current COVID19 sanitary crisis and the reduction of shrimp demand affecting Ecuador's income. Finally, it was observed that the research variables considered directly impact crustacean production, and a mathematical model was established.
ABSTRACT
In this study, the effects of the pandemic, which started to affect the world to 2019-December, on the world aquaculture sector were evaluated with SWOT analysis (opportunities, benefits, and threats). Previous studies on this subject were scanned using certain keywords (COVID-19, pandemic, coronavirus, fishing, fisheries), and a total of 33 studies were listed. Previous studies were classified according to the sub-areas (continents) determined by FAO. The effects of the pandemic on the sector were tried to be determined according to the continents. Accordingly, the threats on a global scale were supply-demand imbalances, closure of restaurants, storage inadequacies, plastic pollution, closure of borders, illegal fishing, inequalities in the sector, and curfew restrictions. The opportunities;creation of new supply chains, raising awareness about the seafood that positive effect on health, establishing a supply-demand balance, granting work permits to fishermen during curfews, allocation of funds to be used in extraordinary situations such as pandemics, development of aquaculture, implementation of measures for the continuity of import-export, providing economic aid packages to vulnerable sector workers such as small scale fisheries, limiting the sexist understanding in the sector, and giving more opportunities to women, and cooperation with riparian countries to prevention of illegal fishing. Its benefits are listed as prevention of overfishing in the short term, protection of fish stocks, reduction of industrial pollution in the aquatic ecosystem, adoption of an ecosystem-based fishing approach in small settlements, and an increase in recreational fishing. As a result of this analysis, it has been understood that we may create accurate and fair international cooperation to solve the adverse effects of pandemia. With this gained experience, it is thought that new production strategies should be developed for trustable food supply chains in the changing world.
ABSTRACT
The fragility of global food supply chains, which signals food shortages and increases in food prices in recent years, has reached the highest level with the government's lockdown measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aims to highlight the disruptions in global food supply chains brought about by the ongoing COVID -19 pandemic and present the impact of these disruptions on food security. Supply-side and demand-side shocks that bring about deterioration of the flow in food supply chains and disruptions that threaten food security have made access to adequate and nutritious food an issue as significant as the pandemic. In the food supply chain, panic-oriented buying behaviors by consumers, job and income losses due to changes in labor markets and inflation have occurred as demand-side effects. Labor shortages, disruptions in transportation networks, restrictions imposed by countries, the opportunities of digital technology, and the spread of e-commerce have emerged as supply-side effects. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused negative effects on food security, jeopardizing availability, access, utilization, and stability with supply-side and demand-side shocks. In the conclusion part of the study, the resiliency of food systems, automation of food supply chains, the safety of employees and the importance of monitoring supply chain activities in online environments, the social security policies and practices of the state for vulnerable groups experiencing food insecurity, and food sovereignty were discussed.
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This article talks about the impact of COVID-19 to the Canadian pulp market. The situation surrounding the pulp market is presented, where in 2019, the pulp and paper market in Canada has been tightening due to unexpected downtime and excess inventories returning to a more balanced level. China on the other hand has been slowly getting industrial operations started again after a mandatory quarantine period and travel ban brought the country to a halt. In North America, consumers have been panic buying and stockpiling household products including bath tissue for weeks, leading to shortages at major retailers like Costco and Walmart. While psychologists call the hoarding ritual in times of crisis natural, it's led to empty shelves and frustrated shoppers. Tissue producers are now ramping up to meet the demand - but the extra capacity might be a short-term silver lining. With the news about COVID-19 changing almost hourly, the markets remain uncertain and difficult to predict. Canadian pulp and paper mills, especially those in British Columbia, are particularly challenged during this unprecedented time because of the fibre shortages and very low pulp prices.
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This article looks at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global palm oil market as well as the post-pandemic outlook for the market. It is indicated that, in the long-term, the post-pandemic outlook for the palm oil industry remains bright. Since the last quarter of 2019, palm oil supply and demand are back in balance, while stocks are declining. Prices have been relatively high for most of 2020 and 2021. Also discussed are the proven benefits of palm oil and the opportunity of the palm oil sector to achieve UN goals.
ABSTRACT
The pandemic of Covid-19 has resulted in more significant global problems in terms of food security due to movement control orders (MCO) executed around the world. Malaysia has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and has slowed down the activities of economic sectors, including the agriculture sector. Therefore, this paper discussed in depth the impact of the Covid- 19 pandemic on food security in Malaysia, especially in terms of food supply and demand. This study used qualitative method involving analysis of formal and informal documents to obtain information on food security during the Covid-19 pandemic. During the MCO, local farmers faced with agricultural produce dumping due to the close of several support sectors such as retail, transportation, and food services. The agricultural supply chain was also affected due to a lack of agricultural inputs and a shortage of labor. This situation is worsened by the inadequacy of food storage facilities which has caused damage to agricultural produce. The demand for food among the community continued to increase during the MCO due to the panic-buying. This study also highlighted several suggestions toward improving the stability of food security in order for the country to withstand any crisis.
ABSTRACT
This study aims to develop a multi-dimensional night-time economy vitality index (NTEVI) to measure the vitality of night-time economic (NTE) activities in Zhejiang Province, China, covering its 11 cities and 90 counties. Comprising 44 supply and demand indicators of the NTE, the index was composed of an overall index and six major sub-indices that measured the vitality of six typical NTE subsectors, including catering, shopping, recreation, accommodation, touring, and fitness. The NTEVI was calculated using a unique multi-source dataset based on hourly online transaction data from a leading Chinese online-to-offline service platform, monthly night-time electricity consumption data, and official statistics from 2019 to 2020. Robustness and sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure high credibility of the index results. The findings of this study suggested that the NTEVI was highly and significantly correlated with night light indices, economic indicators, and tourism demand measures. By identifying regional and temporal differences across several service sectors over time at the county, city, and provincial levels, the NTEVI serves as a powerful numerical and visual tool: it offers key information to guide policy formulation, resource allocation, and policy evaluation. In the context of COVID-19, the index analyses also reflect the NTE recovery process in Zhejiang Province. Our findings indicate that it is important for the Chinese government, regional authorities, and enterprises to encourage the NTE as a main driver of economic revitalization.
ABSTRACT
The economic crisis caused by the external shock in the form of the COVID-19 pandemic had the character of a systemic risk affecting all markets in the world. Due to high levels of economic integration, negative spillover effects were inevitable. Indirect effects particularly affected the agricultural sector with simultaneous shocks on the supply and demand side. The research includes an analysis of negative distortions of a macroeconomic nature in order to show in the most adequate way the vital importance of the agricultural sector at the level of the European Union (EU). Given the acute nature of the economic crisis, interventions at the EU level (and in countries) targeting exit strategies have a key role to play. The analysis of the implemented strategies in the EU in 2020 indicates that: (a) economic policymakers have minimized the gap in the implementation of measures, by applying generous and prompt programs aimed at the agricultural sector;(b) there is a need to move from urgent rescue programs to "no regrets" programs that can improve the resilience of the agricultural sector to future external shocks in the long run.
ABSTRACT
This research is motivated by the occurrence of inefficiency of the transportation system in the urban area of Sarbagita (Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan) caused by the use of private motorized vehicles. As a limited number of public goods, the efficiency of road space is measured not by the number of vehicles but by the number of people who use the road space. Therefore, the operation of a Mass Public Transportation System (SAUM) which has a large transport capacity optimally is the key to the efficiency of the transportation system in urban areas. This study aims to analyze the variables that affect the optimization of the Mass Public Transport System (SAUM) based on demand and service supply. This research was conducted using quantitative methods. The research location is in the urban area of Sarbagita, an agglomeration area in Bali. The research was conducted in October 2021, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The total population in this study was 14,140 with a sample of 397 passengers on 4 (four) Trans Metro Dewata service routes. Sampling using proportional stratified random sampling. The data used is in the form of a scale of differences in the meaning of attitudes towards an object which is sorted from the number (1) not important;(2) less important;(3) quite important;(4) important;(5) is very important. This research uses multivariate analysis technique with partial least square (PLS) method. The variables used in this research are Service Demand and Service Supply as exogenous variables, Service Certainty and Service Integration variables as intermediate variables and Service Optimization variables as endogenous variables. The results show that the service demand variable has no significant effect on the optimization of SAUM, while the supply, certainty and service integration variables have a positive and significant effect on the optimization of SAUM. The request has no significant effect on the integration of SAUM services. On the other hand, service supply and certainty have a positive and significant impact on the integration of SAUM services. This study also finds that the optimization of SAUM services is most influenced by service integration with a coefficient of 0.403, followed by service offerings with a coefficient of 0.374. Indirectly, the supply and demand variables have a positive and significant effect both on the variable between service integration through service certainty and on the endogenous variable of SAUM optimization through service assurance and service integration variables. The novelty of this research is that the service demand variable which has been used as a direct variable in the provision of transportation services does not have a significant effect on the optimization of SAUM. This research answers the phenomenon of the low loading rate of Trans Metro Dewata services, even though the service is free. This study suggests to the government as an institution providing public services that in an effort to realize the efficiency of the transportation system in urban areas, it is necessary to optimize SAUM services. The SAUM optimization efforts are not only based on demand and service supply but also involve variables between service certainty which include indicators of accessibility, service level and service availability and service integration variables which include indicators of physical integration, network integration and tariff integration. The results of this study are expected to enrich the theoretical repertoire in the field of transportation economics and transportation management science which is currently developing.
ABSTRACT
USA continues to be the largest producer of ethanol globally followed by Brazil. The Covid-I9 pandemic impacted the sector adversely as the rise in unemployment, plus the attendant restrictions on movement resulted in people driving much less (han) before and thereby decreasing demand for transportation fuel. US companies Poet, Valera and ADM will continue to dominate the league table of top producers. The Brazilian company Raizen is expected to move up in rankings (to 4) in 2021/22 following the recent acquisition of the sugar-ethanol producer Biosev.
ABSTRACT
Unexpected events have caused great uncertainty and volatility in agricultural markets in recent years. Trade disputes, the COVID-19 pandemic and now the war in Ukraine have added to the natural uncertainty caused by weather and other factors. Farm commodity prices and consumer food prices are far higher than would have been expected a few months ago, but so are production expenses. This report summarizes baseline projections for agricultural and biofuel markets prepared using market information available in January 2022. We recognize that much has happened since then, and some of the possible implications are discussed throughout the report and especially in the information on page 4. Macroeconomic assumptions are based on January forecasts by IHS Markit (S&P Global), many of which would be affected by recent events. The baseline reflects current policies, meaning it incorporates programs that had been enacted prior to January 2022, but does not reflect any subsequent policy changes. We use our models to develop a range of projected market outcomes that takes into account some major sources of uncertainty about future supply and demand conditions.In some of the resulting 500 outcomes, prices, quantities and values are much higher or much lower than the averages reported here.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The Covid-19 virus pandemic has affected the entire world and all economic sectors. The agricultural sector has been affected by this crisis from various dimensions, too. The broiler industry is the largest industry in Kurdistan province, which has been affected by this pandemic in various ways, such as supply chain of inputs, changes in supply and demand structures. The broiler industry of Kurdistan province has directly and indirectly created employment for about 14,000 people. Kurdistan province has more than 750 active broiler farms, which use about 15 million broiler chicken pieces in each period and 60 million pieces per year. Kurdistan province produces about 4% of the country's chicken meat. This study aims to investigate and estimate the implications of the Corona pandemic on production, performance and economic efficiency of broiler farms in Sanandaj township, Kurdistan province, Iran. Materials and Methode: Production and performance criteria were extracted from summarizing and comparing data in Excel software. To estimate the efficiency criteria by data envelopment analysis model, DEAP software was used;and in order to evaluate the difference between the means, the matched-pairs t-test was conducted in SPSS software. Necessary data were obtained through a simple random sampling method. The collected data were related to two breeding periods in autumn 2019 before the pandemic, and autumn 2020 after the pandemic. All production, performance and efficiency measures calculated and compared in pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Results and discussion: The results showed that the total number of day-old chicks in pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods was not significantly different. Total production of small and medium farms decreased slightly in the post-pandemic period;whilst total production in large farms, due to the increase in weight of chickens, not only did not decrease but also increased significantly. The grain-to-chicken conversion ratio increased on all farms, so that more grain was used to produce one kilogram of chicken, in the post-pandemic period. The reason for this could probably be the irregularity in the sales process and the increase in the number of storage days. The age of slaughter increased in all farms in the post-pandemic period, significantly. Due to the increase in slaughter age, the average weight of chickens at slaughter also increased significantly. Furthermore, the percentage of losses in all farms showed a significant increase. Regarding efficiency, no significant difference was found in the average technical efficiency of broiler farms before and after the corona outbreak. Nevertheless, the difference between the average allocation and economic efficiency of the farms in the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods were significant;In all three capacity groups, there was a significant decrease in both allocation efficiency and economic efficiency in the post-pandemic period. Suggestion: The results showed a significant decrease in allocative and economic efficiency of the farms in post-pandemic relative to pre-pandemic periods, therefore, more attention is needed by managers and policy makers in the private and public sectors to develop and implement a special and alternative program for emergencies like COVID-pandemic. In order to limit the reduction of allocation and economic efficiency, which play an important role in maintaining the motivation of production and continuity of product supply, it is suggested that broiler farms develop managerial and economic strategies including scheduling and mechanizing the process of supplying inputs and selling the product.
ABSTRACT
After the corona virus pandemic is over, we can expect significant changes in management systems due to a further decrease in industrial commodity trade and, simultaneously, an increase in service trade, digital technology services in particular. The consequences of this crisis will be evident in all segments of economy and will relate to globalisation process, production and international trade. Global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severe supply and demand crisis of both products and services, on local and international markets. In economies, which base their production on low costs and low inventory and on last minute supply of raw materials and spare parts, supply chains have been disrupted and all this has resulted in major disorders on the market. The problem is effusing from one market to another. Reduced production has led to a sharp decrease in consumption, which is a result of decreased profits. In 2020 world trade has fallen by 9%, foreign investments by 40% and service trade by 60%. For these reasons, it is important to look closely into what has been going on, what is going to be happening, and how it is going to affect business organizations, their stability, safety and business performance in the long run. In order to analyse the environment, facts and factors which affect, both directly and indirectly, our business activities in this globalized society and economy, it is crucial to apply well-structured analytical concepts and to conduct them systematically, especially in these difficult periods of crisis. The application of analytical concepts (analyses) enables business organizations to prepare appropriately for the challenges they are going to face. The use of modern analyses like PEST, BCG matrix, VRIO and SWOT provide essential information about the real level of potentials and resources that an organization has at their disposal. Considering the dynamics of technological and techical changes, and trends of consumers' habit and need changes, analyses are becoming increasingly important in terms of monitoring our internal environment, analysing product and service portfolios and analysing value chains. This paper explores the application and results of the use of modern analyses in the business organizations in Croatia, with a focus on use in times of sharp socio-economic changes, which were caused by the recent crisis.
ABSTRACT
This report presents the outcomes of the webinar on "the experience of the aquaculture sector through best practices and mitigation measures facing the COVID-19 crisis" which took place on 1 July 2020 and was conducted over the internet and hosted on the Zoom platform for webinars. It was organized by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in cooperation with the Regional Commission for Fisheries (RECOFI). The webinar aimed to address the pandemic's effects on aquaculture production as well as on supply chains, demand, local markets and trade, and to identify best practices and mitigation measures adopted by aquaculture farmers and countries. During the first thematic session, the experts highlighted the difficulties the aquaculture sector faced due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, several mitigation approaches were pointed out: (i) specific financial support programmes designed through the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF);(ii) a strong national aquaculture strategy guaranteeing self-sufficiency along the entire supply chain of shrimp farming in Saudi Arabia;(iii) the issuing of subsidies and credit loans in a timely manner to help producers in Turkey;(iv) the development of an online platform for fish auctioning to boost fisheries supply chain in Oman;(v) companies opening direct communication channels between the government and the farms in the United Arab Emirates;and (vi) solidarity between the sector and consumers, which allowed for the achievement of 50 percent of the programmed goals in the fish feed and larval industry in Tunisia. Other points addressed during the second thematic session included specific measures adopted and proposed, such as the focus on different aquaculture final products (e.g. frozen fish) and the establishment of local hatcheries and fish feed factories. The Q/A session which followed concluded the webinar.
ABSTRACT
The global obesity issue is often linked to the use of added sugars, but this relationship is unproven and there is no internationally recognised evidence that points to a direct link between the consumption of sugar and excess weight. However, in the sphere of public opinion, it is perceived as being beyond question. Furthermore, the objective of reducing added/free sugar from our basic diet has taken on a pathway of its own. This view is not supported by scientific research or published guidelines and should be challenged. Governments have largely chosen to target a reduction in the sugar content of soft drinks as a public health objective. This has been done through taxing sales or sugar content. Our analysis finds that there is a statistically significant impact on sugar consumption in some countries, mainly through the voluntary reformulations undertaken by beverage companies. But that this impact is small in terms of the volume of sugar eliminated. The study sees the application of similar taxes on food manufacturing as challenging, as sugar is used as a functional ingredient and food formulations are inherently more complex. From a public heath perspective, the study notes both a lack of historic evidence for a correlation between sugar consumption growth and obesity as well as a divergence between public health objectives and the current use of sugar. The study also considers behavioural aspects for consumers and food and beverage producers, surmising that the tax effect on consumers is partly short term while producers remain broadly focused on sales and marketing objectives, with public health changes seen as an industry-wide issue. More broadly, the study also notes that COVID-19 will skew results for many years to come. The report also considers the supply and demand dynamics of the sugar market in view of slowing demand, partly contributed to by sugar taxes. With low elasticity for both consumption and production, and with limited growth in the former, the implication is volatile world market prices. Sugar industries more than ever before will need to embrace diversification options such as bio energy and other bio products to ensure a sustainable future in a slowing sugar demand growth environment.
ABSTRACT
This article reports about the Agricultural trade between the United States and Mexico that underwent many changes in 2020 in the face of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Overall, U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico declined in April 2020 and did not recover until November 2020. Meanwhile, U.S. agricultural imports from Mexico declined in April and May 2020 before resuming their long-term upward trend. Beef and veal, cotton, and pork were the U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico with the largest decreases in export value between calendar years 2019 and 2020. The agricultural imports from Mexico with the largest increases in import value were tequila, fresh tomatoes, and beer. The economic downturn and shift away from food expenditures at hotels, restaurants, and institutional establishments because of the pandemic explain some of these changes. However, a larger set of supply and demand determinants was at play, including conventional factors unrelated to the pandemic, such as the long-term expansion of Mexico's horticultural export sector and year-to-year changes in crop production.